Swift泛型

Swift 4語言提供了泛型(Generic)功能來編寫靈活且可重用的函數和類型。 泛型用於避免重複並提供抽象。 Swift 4標準庫使用泛型代碼構建。 Swift 4中的數組和字典類型屬於泛型集合。 使用數組和字典,數組可定義為保存Int值和String值或任何其他類型。

示例代碼

func exchange(a: inout Int, b: inout Int) {
   let temp = a
   a = b
   b = temp
}

var numb1 = 100
var numb2 = 200

print("Before Swapping values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")
exchange(a: &numb1, b: &numb2)
print("After Swapping values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")

當使用playground運行上述程式時,得到以下結果 -

Before Swapping values are: 100 and 200
After Swapping values are: 200 and 100

泛型函數:類型參數

泛型函數可用於訪問任何數據類型,如IntString

func exchange<T>(a: inout T, b: inout T) {
   let temp = a
   a = b
   b = temp
}
var numb1 = 100
var numb2 = 200

print("Before Swapping Int values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")
exchange(a: &numb1, b: &numb2)
print("After Swapping Int values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")

var str1 = "Generics"
var str2 = "Functions"

print("Before Swapping String values are: \(str1) and \(str2)")
exchange(a: &str1, b: &str2)
print("After Swapping String values are: \(str1) and \(str2)")

當使用playground運行上述程式時,得到以下結果 -

Before Swapping Int values are: 100 and 200
After Swapping Int values are: 200 and 100
Before Swapping String values are: Generics and Functions
After Swapping String values are: Functions and Generics

函數exchange()用於交換上述程式中描述的值,<T>用作類型參數。第一次調用函數exchange()返回Int值,第二次調用函數exchange()將返回String值。 多個參數類型可以包含在由逗號分隔的尖括弧內。

類型參數命名為用戶定義,以瞭解它所包含的類型參數的用途。 Swift 4提供<T>作為泛型類型參數名稱。 但是,類型參數(如數組和字典)也可以命名為key,value以標識它們屬於字典類型。

struct TOS<T> {
   var items = [T]()
   mutating func push(item: T) {
      items.append(item)
   }
   mutating func pop() -> T {
      return items.removeLast()
   }
}

var tos = TOS<String>()
tos.push(item: "Swift 4")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Generics")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Naming Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

let deletetos = tos.pop()

當使用playground運行上述程式時,得到以下結果 -

[Swift 4]
[Swift 4, Generics]
[Swift 4, Generics, Type Parameters]
[Swift 4, Generics, Type Parameters, Naming Type Parameters]

擴展泛型類型

extension關鍵字包含擴展堆疊屬性以瞭解專案頂部的內容。

struct TOS<T> {
   var items = [T]()
   mutating func push(item: T) {
      items.append(item)
   }
   mutating func pop() -> T {
      return items.removeLast()
   }
}
var tos = TOS<String>()
tos.push(item: "Swift 4")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Generics")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Naming Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

extension TOS {
   var first: T? {
      return items.isEmpty ? nil : items[items.count - 1]
   }
}
if let first = tos.first {
   print("The top item on the stack is \(first).")
}

當使用playground運行上述程式時,得到以下結果 -

["Swift 4"]
["Swift 4", "Generics"]
["Swift 4", "Generics", "Type Parameters"]
["Swift 4", "Generics", "Type Parameters", "Naming Type Parameters"]
The top item on the stack is Naming Type Parameters.

類型約束

Swift 4語言允許“類型約束”指定類型參數是繼承自特定類,還是確保協議一致性標準。

func exchange<T>(a: inout T, b: inout T) {
   let temp = a
   a = b
   b = temp
}
var numb1 = 100
var numb2 = 200

print("Before Swapping Int values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")
exchange(a: &numb1, b: &numb2)
print("After Swapping Int values are: \(numb1) and \(numb2)")

var str1 = "Generics"
var str2 = "Functions"

print("Before Swapping String values are: \(str1) and \(str2)")
exchange(a: &str1, b: &str2)
print("After Swapping String values are: \(str1) and \(str2)")

當使用playground運行上述程式時,得到以下結果 -

Before Swapping Int values are: 100 and 200
After Swapping Int values are: 200 and 100
Before Swapping String values are: Generics and Functions
After Swapping String values are: Functions and Generics

關聯類型

Swift 4允許通過關鍵字associatedtype在協議定義內聲明關聯類型。

protocol Container {
   associatedtype ItemType
   mutating func append(item: ItemType)
   var count: Int { get }
   subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
}
struct TOS<T>: Container {
   // original Stack<T> implementation
   var items = [T]()
   mutating func push(item: T) {
      items.append(item)
   }
   mutating func pop() -> T {
      return items.removeLast()
   }

   // conformance to the Container protocol
   mutating func append(item: T) {
      self.push(item: item)
   }
   var count: Int {
      return items.count
   }
   subscript(i: Int) -> T {
      return items[i]
   }
}
var tos = TOS<String>()
tos.push(item: "Swift 4")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Generics")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Naming Type Parameters")
print(tos.items)

當使用playground運行上述程式時,得到以下結果 -

[Swift 4]
[Swift 4, Generics]
[Swift 4, Generics, Type Parameters]
[Swift 4, Generics, Type Parameters, Naming Type Parameters]

where子句

類型約束使用戶能夠定義與通用函數或類型關聯的類型參數的要求。 用於定義關聯類型的要求where子句被聲明為類型參數列表的一部分。 where關鍵字緊跟在類型參數列表之後,後跟關聯類型的約束,類型和關聯類型之間的相等關係。

protocol Container {
   associatedtype ItemType
   mutating func append(item: ItemType)
   var count: Int { get }
   subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
}
struct Stack<T>: Container {
   // original Stack<T> implementation
   var items = [T]()
   mutating func push(item: T) {
      items.append(item)
   }
   mutating func pop() -> T {
      return items.removeLast()
   }

   // conformance to the Container protocol
   mutating func append(item: T) {
      self.push(item: item)
   }
   var count: Int {
      return items.count
   }
   subscript(i: Int) -> T {
      return items[i]
   }
}
func allItemsMatch<
C1: Container, C2: Container
where C1.ItemType == C2.ItemType, C1.ItemType: Equatable>
(someContainer: C1, anotherContainer: C2) -> Bool {
   // check that both containers contain the same number of items
   if someContainer.count != anotherContainer.count {
      return false
   }

   // check each pair of items to see if they are equivalent
   for i in 0..<someContainer.count {
      if someContainer[i] != anotherContainer[i] {
         return false
      }
   }
   // all items match, so return true
   return true
}
var tos = Stack<String>()

tos.push(item: "Swift 4")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Generics")
print(tos.items)

tos.push(item: "Where Clause")
print(tos.items)

var eos = ["Swift 4", "Generics", "Where Clause"]
print(eos)

當使用playground運行上述程式時,得到以下結果 -

[Swift 4]
[Swift 4, Generics]
[Swift 4, Generics, Where Clause]
[Swift 4, Generics, Where Clause]

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