mv命令

mv命令是move的縮寫，可以用來移動檔或者將檔改名(move (rename) files)，是Linux系統下常用的命令，經常用來備份檔或者目錄。

1．命令格式

mv [選項] 原始檔案或目錄 目標檔或目錄

2．命令功能

mv命令中第二個參數類型的不同(是目標檔還是目標目錄)，mv命令將檔重命名或將其移至一個新的目錄中。當第二個參數類型是檔時，mv命令完成檔重命名，此時，原始檔案只能有一個(也可以是原始目錄名)，它將所給的原始檔案或目錄重命名為給定的目標檔案名。當第二個參數是已存在的目錄名稱時，原始檔案或目錄參數可以有多個，mv命令將各參數指定的原始檔案均移至目標目錄中。在跨檔系統移動檔時，mv先拷貝，再將原有檔刪除，而鏈至該檔的鏈接也將丟失。

3．命令參數

• -b：若需覆蓋檔，則覆蓋前先行備份。
• -f ：force 強制的意思，如果目標檔已經存在，不會詢問而直接覆蓋；
• -i ：若目標檔 (destination) 已經存在時，就會詢問是否覆蓋！
• -u ：若目標檔已經存在，且 source 比較新，才會更新(update)
• -t ： —target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY，即指定mv的目標目錄，該選項適用於移動多個原始檔案到一個目錄的情況，此時目標目錄在前，原始檔案在後。

4．命令實例

實例一

檔改名
命令：

mv test.log new-test.log

輸出：

zaixian@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ ll
total 12
drwxrwxr-x 2 zaixian zaixian 4096 Feb 12 17:56 ./
drwxrwxr-x 7 zaixian zaixian 4096 Feb 12 17:28 ../
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zaixian zaixian   13 Feb 12 17:56 test.log
zaixian@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$

zaixian@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ mv test.log new-text.log
zaixian@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ ll
total 12
drwxrwxr-x 2 zaixian zaixian 4096 Feb 12 17:57 ./
drwxrwxr-x 7 zaixian zaixian 4096 Feb 12 17:28 ../
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zaixian zaixian   13 Feb 12 17:56 new-text.log
zaixian@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$

說明： 將檔text.log重命名為new-text.log

實例二

移動檔
命令：

mv test1.txt test3

輸出：

zaixian@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ ll
total 16
drwxrwxr-x 2 zaixian zaixian 4096 Feb 12 17:59 ./
drwxrwxr-x 7 zaixian zaixian 4096 Feb 12 17:28 ../
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zaixian zaixian   13 Feb 12 17:56 new-text.log
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zaixian zaixian   17 Feb 12 18:00 test.txt
zaixian@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ mv test.txt /home/zaixian/mv-text.txt

zaixian@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ ls /home/zaixian/
Desktop    Downloads         mkdir  mv-text.txt  Public     Videos
Documents  examples.desktop  Music  Pictures     Templates
zaixian@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$

說明：將test.txt檔移到目錄/home/zaixian/中，並重命名為：mv-text.txt。

實例三

將test目錄下的檔log1.txt,log2.txt,log3.txt移動到目錄test3中。

命令：

mv log1.txt log2.txt log3.txt /home/zaixian/test3
## or
mv -t /home/zaixian/test3/ log1.txt log2.txt log3.txt

輸出：

[zaixian@localhost test]$ pwd
/home/zaixian/test
[zaixian@localhost test]$ mv log1.txt log2.txt log3.txt /home/zaixian/test3
[zaixian@localhost test]$ ll
total 0
[zaixian@localhost test]$ ll /home/zaixian/test3
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt

說明：
mv log1.txt log2.txt log3.txt test3這個命令將log1.txt ，log2.txt， log3.txt 三個檔移到 test3 目錄中去，mv -t /opt/soft/test/test4/ log1.txt log2.txt log3.txt 命令又將三個檔移動到test4目錄中去。

實例四

將檔file1改名為file2，如果file2已經存在，則詢問是否覆蓋
命令：

mv -i log1.txt log2.txt

輸出：

[zaixian@localhost test]$ ll
total 8
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 20 Feb 12 22:39 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 30 Feb 12 22:39 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:38 log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test]$ cat log1.txt
just a test content
[zaixian@localhost test]$ cat log2.txt
this is file:log2.txt content
[zaixian@localhost test]$ mv -i log1.txt log2.txt
mv: overwrite ‘log2.txt’? y
[zaixian@localhost test]$ cat log2.txt
just a test content
[zaixian@localhost test]$

實例五

將檔file1改名為file2，即使file2存在，也是直接覆蓋掉。

命令：

mv -f log3.txt log2.txt

輸出：

[zaixian@localhost test]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 20 Feb 12 22:39 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:38 log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test]$ cat log2.txt
just a test content
[zaixian@localhost test]$ cat log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test]$ echo 'this is log3.txt content' >> log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test]$
[zaixian@localhost test]$ ll
total 8
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 20 Feb 12 22:39 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 25 Feb 12 22:43 log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test]$ cat log2.txt
just a test content
[zaixian@localhost test]$ cat log3.txt
this is log3.txt content
[zaixian@localhost test]$ mv -f log3.txt log2.txt
[zaixian@localhost test]$ cat log2.txt
this is log3.txt content
[zaixian@localhost test]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 25 Feb 12 22:43 log2.txt
[zaixian@localhost test]$

說明： log3.txt的內容直接覆蓋了log2.txt內容，-f 這是個危險的選項，使用的時候一定要保持頭腦清晰，一般情況下最好不用加上它，因為可能沒有任何提示直接就執行了。

實例六：目錄的移動

命令：

mv dir1 dir2

輸出：

[zaixian@localhost test4]$ ls
test41
[zaixian@localhost test4]$ cd ..
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian 38 Feb 12 22:44 test
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian  6 Feb 12 22:33 test1
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian  6 Feb 12 22:33 test2
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian 54 Feb 12 22:35 test3
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zaixian zaixian 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zaixian@localhost ~]$
[zaixian@localhost ~]$
[zaixian@localhost ~]$
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian 38 Feb 12 22:44 test
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian  6 Feb 12 22:33 test1
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian  6 Feb 12 22:33 test2
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian 54 Feb 12 22:35 test3
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zaixian zaixian 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ cd test3
[zaixian@localhost test3]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test3]$ cd ..
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ cd test4/
[zaixian@localhost test4]$ ls
test41
[zaixian@localhost test4]$ cd ..
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ mv test4 test3
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian 38 Feb 12 22:44 test
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian  6 Feb 12 22:33 test1
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian  6 Feb 12 22:33 test2
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zaixian zaixian 67 Feb 12 22:48 test3
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ ll test3/
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zaixian zaixian 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zaixian@localhost ~]$

說明：如果目錄dir2不存在，將目錄dir1改名為dir2；否則，將dir1移動到dir2中。

實例7

移動當前檔夾下的所有檔到上一級目錄。
命令：

mv * ../

輸出：

[zaixian@localhost ~]$ cd test
[zaixian@localhost test]$ ls
log2.txt  log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test]$
[zaixian@localhost test]$
[zaixian@localhost test]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 25 Feb 12 22:43 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:44 log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test]$ cd ..
[zaixian@localhost ~]$
[zaixian@localhost ~]$
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/zaixian
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ cd test
[zaixian@localhost test]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 25 Feb 12 22:43 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:44 log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test]$ mv * ../
[zaixian@localhost test]$ cd ..
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 25 Feb 12 22:43 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:44 log3.txt
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian  6 Feb 12 22:55 test
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian  6 Feb 12 22:33 test1
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zaixian zaixian  6 Feb 12 22:33 test2
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zaixian zaixian 67 Feb 12 22:48 test3

實例八

把當前目錄的一個子目錄裏的檔移動到另一個子目錄中。
命令：

mv test3/*.txt test5

輸出：

[zaixian@localhost test3]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zaixian zaixian 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zaixian@localhost test3]$
[zaixian@localhost test3]$
[zaixian@localhost test3]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian  0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zaixian zaixian 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zaixian@localhost test3]$ cd ..
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ mv test3/*.txt test5/
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ ll test5/
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost ~]$ ll test3/
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zaixian zaixian 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zaixian@localhost ~]$

實例九

檔被覆蓋前做簡單備份，前面加參數-b
命令：

mv log1.txt -b log2.txt

輸出：

[zaixian@localhost test5]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test5]$ mv log1.txt -b log2.txt
[zaixian@localhost test5]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt~
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zaixian zaixian 0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
[zaixian@localhost test5]$

一些補充說明：

• -b 不接受參數，mv會去讀取環境變數VERSION_CONTROL來作為備份策略。
• —backup該選項指定如果目標檔存在時的動作，共有四種備份策略：
  • 1.CONTROL=none或 off : 不備份。
  • 2.CONTROL=numbered或t：數字編號的備份
  • 3.CONTROL=existing或nil：如果存在以數字編號的備份，則繼續編號備份m+1…n：
    執行mv操作前已存在以數字編號的檔log2.txt.~1~，那麼再次執行將產生log2.txt~2~，以次類推。如果之前沒有以數字編號的檔，則使用下麵講到的簡單備份。
  • 4.CONTROL=simple或 never：使用簡單備份：在被覆蓋前進行了簡單備份，簡單備份只能有一份，再次被覆蓋時，簡單備份也會被覆蓋。